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Headings audit — Fixture 07

1. No governing thought

The opening tells the reader what the document describes ("how project teams identify and deliver significant profit improvements") instead of stating the answer. A pyramid's apex must be an idea that the reader can agree or disagree with — a point, not a subject label. As written, nothing at the top holds the six sections together, so nothing below can support it.

2. "Background" is not a section

Background belongs in the introduction, where it establishes the Situation and Complication that raise the reader's question. Promoting it to a body heading means the document begins without a question in play, and the reader must carry unattached facts forward until some later section gives them a purpose.

3. The headings are sterile category labels, not ideas

"Definition of project work," "Organization of the program," and "Conditions required for success" name topics; they assert nothing. Read on their own, the list tells the reader nothing about what the memorandum concludes. Minto's test — that the headings alone should convey the argument — fails here.

4. The six items are not a single logical grouping

They are of mixed kinds and cannot be the answer to one question:

• Principles and Definition describe what the approach is
• Organization describes how it is run
• Benefits and results describe what it produces
• Conditions for success describe what it requires

Four different questions are being answered at one level. The set is therefore neither mutually exclusive (principles and definition overlap; conditions and organization overlap) nor collectively driven by a common inductive plural or deductive chain.

5. Six items at one level exceeds working-memory limits

With no intermediate grouping, the reader has no structure to hold. The mixed kinds identified above indicate the natural remedy is grouping into fewer, higher-level ideas — but which grouping is correct cannot be determined without the body.

6. The order is unexplained

Nothing in the setout signals whether the sequence is chronological, structural, or by degree of importance. Minto requires that each grouping have a discernible logical order; the reader here cannot tell why Benefits precedes Conditions rather than following from them.

7. The setout invites serial reading

"It is organized in six sections" prepares the reader to work through the document linearly to find out what it thinks. A pyramid should let the reader stop at any level and still have the message.

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Not assessed: whether the body's content supports these headings, whether the summary statements within each section are valid, and the correct regrouping of the six items — all require the body, which is unavailable.